A Story About Wwf :: essays research papers

"Welcome everyone to 'Crude IS War'! This evening's headliner is Sting stanzas Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Before we start, here is a little data on the challenger, Sting," reported Vince McCann."He hails from Death Valley, California. At 7 feet tall and more than 300 pounds, he is the greatest grappler in the WWF. He is the 'Man from the dull side'," Jim Ross stated."Ladies and Gentlemen..... here is your challenger........ Sting!"The swarm cheers as Sting strolls down the slope. He is halted at the base of the slope to be met by Gene Oakerland. "Sting, on the off chance that I can pose you one inquiry. For what reason do you need the title so badly?" " Well Gene, since the time I was a youngster, the title belt has been held by disregarding degenerates. I feel it's the ideal opportunity for a genuine victor get the belt. That is the reason I'm here, I'm the individuals' cham....." Before sting could complete his sentence he is assaulted by HHH. HHH's accomplice occupied the ref long enough for him to convey the overwhelming 'Piledriver'. With Sting's head uncovered, HHH drops to the ground and drives Sting's uncovered head on the concrete floor. The power was sufficient to break his neck. Sting was taken out from the power of the effect. When he stirred, he was in an ambulance."Where am I? Someone please disclose to me where I am," Sting argued. The paramedic offered him quiet down. "I can't move! I can't move" he would say.It took about thirty minutes to Sharp Hospital. Two specialists were sitting tight for him when he showed up. The promptly took him to the working room. It was here that Sting discovered that he had endured a messed up spine. The specialist requested a test activity. It was a profoundly perilous activity. One chaos up could murder the genius. It took five hours to finish the troublesome activity. Sting was wheeled into his private room.To cause him to feel more at home, the room was brightened with WWF stock. When Sting woke up, he had a sharp genuine annoyance. The specialist gave him some medication to help. It worked a smidgen. Around three hours after he woke up, a specialist came in and disclosed to him that he most likely always be unable to wrestle once more. Sting heart sunk. He would not like to hear that. It was around seven in the first part of the day when Sting rested.

Banned Books Essay Example for Free

Prohibited Books Essay Since the beginning, books have been the objective of control. Now and again, these books are even restricted from schools and open libraries in light of the fact that the substance in them is believed to be excessively hostile. For this task, you will peruse one of these restricted books. Which book you read is your choice, anyway you should remember your preferred suitability ensure it is a book that your folks would not discover questionable. After you have perused the book, you will compose a powerful exposition shielding whether the book ought to or ought not be restricted from a center school library. Your article ought to incorporate a section that sums up the book just as three consistent, defendable reasons why the book ought to or ought not be restricted from a center school library. While you may look into the reasons why the book has been tested previously, the contemplations communicated in the paper must be your own. You are required to utilize the data about powerful expositions learned in class to design this paper. A rubric sketching out the desires will be posted on my Teacher Page. Your exposition must be composed and observe the standard prerequisites for a paper: twofold separated, Times New Roman, one-inch edges. Any auxiliary sources or research that you utilize must be archived with in-content references and remembered for a Works Cited page. On the off chance that, whenever, you have questions with respect to the book you are perusing or the exposition you are composing, kindly ask me.

A Mischievous Anniversary Tonight

A Mischievous Anniversary Tonight Watch 93 at 11:30 was the message. 93 was the new dormitory on campusthe Class of 1893 Dormitorywhich had opened the previous fall. It was a five-story, 100-foot-wide dorm with two stairwells, situated on Ames Street directly across from the Central Scientific Instruments Company and diagonally across from the old dormitories, the Faculty Houses. The dorms name of 93 would last for about half a decade more, in which time two identical extensions would be built onto its north and south walls, and a matching parallel would be built just to the west. In February of 1931, the buildings would be christened together, and the 93 Dormitory would henceforth be known as Bemis House of the East Campus Alumni Houses. But that was all in the relatively distant future: our story instead concerns Monday, June 1, 1925. It had been an unruly weekend, certainly: Excitement started early Sunday morning, when a group of men from the old dormitory unit inopportunely aroused the 93 men from their slumbers with the gentle strains of Sweet Adeline and Rosie OGrady. Students in the new dorms retaliated with streams of four well-directed fire hoses, whereupon the serenaders deemed it more advisable to move to drier quarters. Not content with having sprinkled the visitors, the residents of the 93 dormitories began to play the fire hoses up and down the corridors of the building, with the result that many of the rooms were flooded with several inches of water. The first and second floors suffered most from the drenching. DormCon (then the Dormitory Committee) was charged with the job of finding the neer-do-wells. The next day, however, more trouble seemed to be brewing. Notices had been spread about, telling the inhabitants to watch 93 at 11:30. That evening: At half past eleven several autos drove up to the new dormitories and ten or a dozen men piled out, carrying something heavy. Scarcely had they gotten in the door when a loud explosion took place, all lights in the corridors and stairways flickered and went out, and all eyes were strained to see what was about to happen. In a few moments the onlookers were rewards. A big electric sign bearing the words Suffolk County Jail flamed out in the darkness. After a short exhibition, the sign was spirited away, and according to latest reports. had not been located. The staff at The Tech were certainly excited about the hack: What nextthe Station 16 sign? There seems to be no limit to their aspirations. [The editors] would not be surprised to find the gilt from the State House Dome transferred some night to the big dome of Building 10. They might even move the Public gardens into the Great Court! It was certainly something new. Generally, when we think of hacking, we consider two flavors. The more common form is exploratory hacking, which is also the older one: theres never been a point at which people were unwilling to climb onto the rooftops. On October 6, 1916, MIT took the All Technology photo: it was a giant panorama photo of everyone at the Institvte in front of Killian. I dont have a great copy of the photo, but heres what did come out: (Click to see the full-size photo.) That photo is incredible for a lot of reasons, but my favorite reason are the students who are, um: And this was right after the Cambridge campus opened! However, the significantly more famous version of hacking is performance hacking, where objects find themselves in places where they dont normally go. Youve probably heard of the really famous hacks, such as when a Campus Police car appear on the Great Dome in 1994, or when the Howe Ser moving company relocated the Fleming cannon from Caltech to Cambridge in 2006. (If you like looking through old hacks, take a look at the IHTFP Hack Gallery, where theyre documented, or pick up a copy of Nightwork.) Performance hacking didnt pick up right as the Institute moved to Cambridge; instead, it started up in the 1920s, as cars ended up in basements and cows ended up on roofs. The earliest example known of such a hack? 11:30pm on June 1, 1925. Happy 90th anniversary everyone. Sources: The Tech (June 3, 1925), the MIT Museum Archives Post Tagged #East Campus

Analysis Of Sunset At Montmajour By Vincent Van Gogh

As a melting pot of the world, the artists are designed different style of artworks. While artist were thinking about something or really want to give some message to the world without saying something, they inspired to paint and provide a wide artwork. Different artist have different thoughts, but here I chose the image, titled as â€Å"Sunset at Montmajour† by the artist Vincent Van Gogh. Which was the first painting of a full-sized, landscape canvas paper with oils paints, and was painted on July 4th 1888. The size of the painting is (73.3 cm Ãâ€" 93.3 cm) or (28.9 in Ãâ€" 36.7 in). The painting was displayed as a part of an exhibition at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam from 24 September 2013 until 12 January 2014, and it is still located in†¦show more content†¦There are lots of oak trees which give direction towards building of the hill. The distance between oak tree and the Montmajour Abbey representing the naturalistic of the painting. There are many principles of design in this painting like balance, pattern, movement, time, value, and proportion in this piece. The area occupied on front for oak tree and the background Montmajour building represents the proportion of the design. The short,curved and wide line of the leaves and clouds in the sky describes the pattern and value of the lines. The distance between oak tree and Montmajour building represents an asymmetrical balance because at some area trees are lying towards building but other side trees are lying the opposite way. The sunset represents the evening time. The way that Van Gogh used the title â€Å" Sunset at Montmajour† really a great evidence for the subject matter. Colors in the painting really attract the viewers and artists message is that the brushwork is giving back the turbulence of the clouds and the trees. While Vincent van Gogh was at Arles city, France, he inspired to paint this picture, he wrote a letter to his brother and describ ed everything he would like to share with others. â€Å"Yesterday, at sunset, I was on a stony heath where very small, twisted oaks grow, in the background a ruin on the hill, and wheatfields in the valley. It was romantic, the sun was pouringShow MoreRelatedArt Analysis : The Starry Night Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesArt Analysis In this piece of art Van Gogh shows that even tho in a dark night you can still look out your window at night and see light. Another example of that would be in your dark or hard times in life, there is always a brighter side to everything. (Artble. Starry Night Analysis. 2016. Web. 3 May 2016.) Describe the initial emotions you feel when viewing the art. Then list any adjectives that descrWhat category does the art fall under? How can you tell? It is a painting using the swirling

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1619 Words

E VERYONE KNOWS THAT OUR YOUNG, innocents need to be shielded from the big, bad world that envelops them on a daily basis. But are we taking this bubble wrapping too far? Has our initial need to protect our young become an irrational fear? Does the terror of having a paedophile lurking right outside our homes, roaming our streets eyeing our children escalated to an extent identical to the hysteria in The Crucible about witches? The answer is yes. Yes, the fear has and still is, on the rise as the hysteria stimulated by the ever-more threatening encroachment of paedophilia seems to closely follow in the footsteps of predecessors like McCarthyism and, ultimately, the Salem witch-hunts. Therefore, the central issue for us to examine is the†¦show more content†¦For this reason, McCarthyism acted as a catalyst, which catapulted the play into popularity in the 1960’s, a popularity that has survived to this very day. A Crucible: Ideology AN IDEOLOGY ACTS LIKE A CRUCIBLE AS IT IS AN essential element. An ideology consists of the identical beliefs of a group of people (which ultimately shapes their worldview and thus their behaviour and actions). In The Crucible, the root ideology was Puritanism, which is based on the belief that God was omnipotent. They strived to live by the teaching of the bible and achieve purity. As a result, there was a strong intolerance towards any type of error, a socially unforgivable intolerance that had to be squashed. Abigail was consumed by guilt – for the ‘sins ‘she had committed- in a society ruled by the dictates of the Puritanical ideals. So instinctively, she diverts the attention away from herself by blaming someone even more helpless than her, her slave Tituba by shouting that, â€Å"She made me do it. She made Betty do it.† (Page 45) Abigail then becomes blameless and innocent because of this. This is similar to the way the Catholic Church has tried to divert media attention away from their paedophilic actions of some of their priests. In a similar way to Abigail, the Catholic Church has used methods of diversion by hushing victims or as The Age reported, â€Å"moved (paedophilic priests) from Parish to Parish†. Such as (more evidence?)

Organizational Behavior Essay Free Essays

I. TARMAC COMPANY 1. 1 Tarmac’s structure Tarmac was originally formed by Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1993 and now being the UK ‘s largest quarrying company and supplier of construction. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tarmac leads on the market of aggregates, ready mixed concrete and asphalt. Its business also include national contracting and Buxton. In process of forming and developing. Tarmac is required to has a clear structure to set up a wealthy business. Base on scenario, Tarmac has set in place an organizational structure that provides clear lines of control, responsibility and communication. Tarmac is organized into three businesses: Tarmac Quarry Materials, Tarmac building Products and Tarmac international. To provide clear of control and responsibilities , in each area, the company focus on building three main level of staff means that the company. Each level engage with a specific range of responsibilities. Furthermore, Tarmac has a set of business principles to ensure employees commitment and help them understand their role. Tarmac operation contain support of some divisions and these divisions also share ideas across the company about how to improve processes and achieve cost saving. It clear that Tarmac structure base on its three SBUs. As a large and complex company, Structured by SBUs support Tarmac in expanding their business rapidly in different geographic location. However, cost for building up a SBU is high and that is a challenge for development of Tarmac. Refer to appendix 1, beside some divisions support to Tarmac operation such as finance, human resource, etc†¦there are other divisions contained in each SBU. Tarmac aim to set up multidivisional structure also with purpose to define responsibilities for employees. Another point is that multidivisional structure will help Tarmac to apply total quality management effectively. However, communication problems may happen in this structure. a division can interfere work of others or repeat what other division did then cause misunderstanding, conflict and waste resource. In addition, to manage its big business, Tarmac need tall structure limit span of control. Wide span of control in a big company like Tarmac can make managers overworked and lead to improper decision making. Tall structure make it easier for managers to control and monitor performance of subordinate. Also, many level of hierarchy provide clear line of responsibilities and control to support multidivisional structure. In multidivisional structure, a clear line of responsibilities is needed for dividing task to manager. Moreover, hierarchical structure enable Tarmac to make centralization. As a big company with many divisions, centralization is necessary for Tarmac to reduce redundant position for saving cost. On the other hand, hierarchical structure theoretically prevent communication between employees and high level of manager. Employees and low level of management can find difficulty to contact with top level. 1. 2 Tarmac’s culture Tarmac pays much attention in their culture. In a multidivisional structure, task or role culture normally applied. Tarmac have to choose a culture that suit with its long term aim. Tarmac’s long term aim is to develop high performance teams who work within a culture of quality and continuous improvement. The company also believes in bringing out the best in all their people. With the goal to apply a culture that appreciate team base and individual potential, task culture is more suitable than role culture. Moreover, what the company want is giving opportunity to employees to contribute their ideas on how to achieve result and encouraging a culture of learning. It is clear that Tarmac can not apply role culture to achieve these target because these are disadvantage of this culture. With task culture, Tarmac is able to achieve the company’s goal through team orientation. Also, task culture is an important part of employees involvement that Tarmac apply in total quality management. However, to task culture is not easy to apply. To build up high performance team, there are three big issue need to be taken in consideration. Firstly, Employees engagement take much time and need a very proper detailed plan to achieve. How to motivate people and help them to achieve their potential are difficulty in applying task culture. Secondly, Tarmac face to high cost to apply task culture. Cost for training, team building and coordinating system may prevent the company from setting up their business. Last but not least, leadership is very important in team work. Who are leaders of teams ? How do they make decision ? and how do these decisions are effective. Leadership style is an essential tool to manage and motivate team work in task culture. 1. Relationship between structure and culture of Tarmac and their effects on business performance Organizational culture can draw a big image of a company, the size, performance and all relevant elements while organizational structure show the order and basis of this image. The picture of Tarmac is a number of teams which contain enthusiast and skillful people. Each of them eng age with a suitable task and try to stand in higher place to achieve their own goal. Furthermore, all teams focus on a point which is Tarmac’s vision. If we consider about the structure, we can see that there are a chain from teams, operators, supervisors and managers. One chain is representative for a particular division and group of divisions create a SBU. There is a relationship between structure, culture to business performance. In Tarmac. decision is made from high level of management because of centralization. However, task culture ensure that there is there are idea given by employees to managers to strengthen decision making. Decisions are originally made from top level by centralization and normally slow response to environment because they need time to pass through different level of hierarchy. However, task culture has reduced this slow response. When having change to present ideas, employees engagement and commitment are improved. Also, this will help the decision applied quickly because employees can understand catch up with the change because they can be provide their own opinions which are take into consideration. Culture of learning and development tend to enhance and enrich the company knowledge. This culture promote productivity and reducing burden of managers in coaching and decision making. Many disadvantages in Tarmac structure are solved by their culture. Employees in task culture can achieve their personal goals in a team. Poor communication between from different management level also removed by encouraging employees to show their ideas but the final decision is still belongs to managers so the decision making is improved. The culture makes the structure more flexible while the structure help to form the culture. Though work together in a team, employees are responsible for report to their manager. Moreover, different level of management set out standard to control performance of employees to ensure employees performance. Also, zone managers are people who encourage and reward staff who contribute improvement ideas and action to ensure the equity of team performance. 1. 4 Influence individual behavior at work in Tarmac Individual behavior at work are built from environment inside company at large. Tarmac culture and policies aim to set up a standard of behavior for each position. Engaging employees and act responsibly are mentioned five big goals that are Tarmac value. The company emphasis that employees work at one team and each team achieve its full potential. Employees are expected to aware of team spirit for them to perform in team. For each team to achieve its full potential, it need to make sure that all members can achieve their full potential. In other word, ability of employees should be used fully to improve team performance. Tarmac also appreciate importance of acting responsibly. It want employees to bring their expertise, enthusiasm and commitment to the activities they will deliver. The company require positive attitude at work with high responsibility.. Additionally, Tarmac has set of business principles that demonstrate its commitment to operating ethically and responsibly. Employees have to understand that their work must support the company aims and objectives. Working in teams is not means that Tarmac doesn’t care about individual’s ability. Tarmac apply a learning and development for employees to develop their skills and build up learning attitude. Through presenting ideas on how to achieve the result, employees will get more understanding in their job. The company managers also have the task to encourage people to achieve their own potential. Employees of Tarmac have opportunities to contribute their idea on how to achieve result so that employees are free to present their working style. As Tarmac mention in their strategy is to have right people with right skill means that people should be engaged in a task that suitable with their potential and expectation. So that not only about ability to do the task but also awareness of people for their task is concerned. Manager need to consider that each personality suit for a different task. Managers and leadership style are also affect employees behavior at work. One mission of zone manager is to encourage team through coaching and leadership. To work in a team, each member need a big motivation to be a part of it. This mission is to ensure the attitude at work for each member remind them about their responsibility. Moreover, zone manager will encourage and reward staff who contribute improvement ideas and action. This action strongly promote employees to perform well and show their full ability. For human resource managers, their first mission is to manage change and facilitate training and development. It is essential to ensure that change in business or even change in responsibility will not affect to performance of staffs. Other duty of human resource managers is communicating with employees. In teamwork, sometime it conflict may appear among members. Conflicts must be solve quickly to enhance coordination and avoid chaos. The manager have to apply HR policies and procedures consistently to develop partnership across different team. 1. 5 Organizational theory and business approach of Tarmac Hierarchical structure get it easy to apply classical approach so that Tarmac used to applied classical administration, specially bureaucracy. With a tall hierarchical structure, Tarmac takes it easy to build up hierarchy of command. This hierarchy obviously enhance delegation between management level so that it supports task delivery. Tarmac also has a set of business principles to ensure employees commitment. In classical administration approach, employees are expected to work under a system of rules and principle and perform responsibly to these rules. Each staff engaged with a specific role (role culture) as a specialization. Classical approach can help Tarmac to build a strict management and ensure performance of the company at large. However, in the time that global economy is changing so fast, this approach is no longer suitable for Tarmac to adapt with business environment. If there are problems in business performance, it may come from high level of management and hierarchical structure will prevent Tarmac from making a change. It require Tarmac to take another approach for the company long term aims. Considering Tarmac DREAM, the company clearly show their long term aim which is to improve overall performance of the company. Tarmac provide close connection with their customer and enhance employees involvement. In this case, Tarmac applied total quality management to achieve the exceptional. Total quality management is showed strongly in its Dream. The first priority of Tarmac is developing market by working closely with key customers. The company recognized that customer relation is the key to success of each enterprise. Also, to deliver good products and services to customer, Tarmac has to care about its total performance, especially employees involvement. Tarmac ‘s long term aim is to develop high performance teams who work within a culture of quality and continuous improvement. Employees of Tarmac can contribute their ideas to improve quality product. This also strengthen employees commitment to the organization. In others long term aim, Tarmac appreciate importance of reducing costs, acting responsibly and managing assets in enhancing total performance. For example, one of Tarmac strategy to acting responsibly is reducing waste to landfill. Tarmac wants all employees to bring their expertise, enthusiasm and commitment to the activities that will deliver most value in support of the company’s objectives. This strategy show that Tarmac really make a strong application of TQM to strengthen value of the company. In reality, total quality performance support Tarmac to improve and innovate the company ‘s product and services to satisfy their customer. Inside the company, employees have got motivation and are encouraged to achieve their potential so that productivity will be improved. Moreover, with creative thinking of employees at work, Tarmac enable to get used to with changing of business environment. 1. 6 Leadership style of Tarmac To each company, leadership style is an important factor which affects its business performance. In Tarmac hierarchical structure, autocratic style was suitable for managers to make decision quickly and easy to apply, especially when Tarmac business need to response quickly to the environment. The company used to apply autocratic style for their manager. Autocratic managers make all of decisions and employees need to follow them. Managers tell employees what to do and how to do it. Tarmac recognized that this style is necessary if the job is urgent and need to be done in particular way. However, the company also see that autocratic style will prevent efficiency of decision making in long term. Some decisions need thorough assessment and discussion and manager need more information from lower level to make decision. There are more burden to manager because their responsibilities are both decision making and controlling subordinate. Useful feedback from employees for improvement is not taken into consideration then manager may make improper response to environment. Moreover, this style make a conflict with Tarmac long term aim of promoting and encouraging a culture of learning and development. Therefore Tarmac has put in place a programme of change management to improve performance and motivate staffs. Participative and coaching style applied as an alternative for autocratic style. Tarmac appoint coaching managers to develop employees and their responsibilities is to care about employees. These managers tend to enhance task culture by encourage their staff to find a way to achieve result and learn from experience. A result is decision making is improved by two way communication and increase productivity because employees receive motivation. Tarmac aim to make a long engagement with employees and believe that employees will be basis for them to make difference and enable the business to be the leader in its chosen market so that coaching manage is Different from autocratic manager , Coaching manager appreciate employees potential more than evaluate task fulfillment. They are people who can find out employees ability and help them to achieve their potential. Coaching style also support total quality approach in employees involvement by motivating training them. By applying two parallel leadership style, Tarmac create flexible management. Tarmac is able to response quickly to the business but also can strengthen decision making. This innovative application of leadership give Tarmac a big advantage in doing their business. II. VICEM HAI VAN COMPANY 2. 1 Hai Van’s structure In Vicem Hai Van, top management level include Board of Chairman, Board of director and Board of Controller. In middle level, there are some deputy director below and report directly to the director such as deputy director of business, deputy director of manufacturing technic. Each deputy director is responsible for one area. There are also many departments under director or deputy director. The structure of Hai Van can be seen as a flat structure. There are few level of management from top level to employees and this enhance delegation. The advantage of flat structure in Hai Van is that cost for organizing management level is low. There are many deputy director and manager report to the director so that the director can be overworked. There are many department in which people with suitable skills are grouped together and managed by managers. This functional structure support Hai Van in specialization and training. The functional structure of Hai Van follows decentralized decision making model. Deputy manager have authority to make decision in their department. This can a chance for these deputy managers to practice leadership and decision making and motivate them. Decision making process is fast and then response quickly to environment. However, coordination among department is a problem of functional structure and require solution from the director. In functional structure, task are done efficiently because there are strong specialization to fix people to their most suitable job. 2. 2 Hai Van’s culture Vicem Hai Van has built up role culture since it was set up and the culture reflects on the structure. There are some departments and each department include many different level and position. Employees are fitted to their position as a specialization. Hai Van has applied role culture and this culture is also suitable with their functional structure. Role culture strengthen specialization and task engagement to employees in each functional department. On the other hand, Hai Van has a policy to have right people with right skill and talent for making a full ultilization of human resource. The company also try to employ high skill employees to build high qualified labour force. Vicem Hai Van attempt to build up a evaluation system to check and assess exactly performance of each position. This policy is to ensure commitment of employees and equal treating to each position. This system show how strong of role culture in the company. Each year, Hai Van provide training course with purpose to maintain long term labor and improve productivity. Hai Van mentioned in their objectives that they aim to maintain and develop production to higher quality, appearance and quantity. This objective point out that Hai Van tend to applied continuous improvement culture. Process and procedure are concerned and improved. Standard is set up for each department to improve productivity and efficience. Furthermore, the company give managers chance to study specialize knowledge to help them catch up with the environment. In conclusion, what Hai Van are doing is to build a strong management in which managers play important role on leading the company and guiding employees. 2. Relationship between structure and culture of Hai Van and their effects on business performance In Vicem Hai Van, decisions are made from top level. Role culture support the structure in engaging and distribute task to each position. Decisions have short making process through many level. Decentralization also speed up decision making and make quick response to environment . There are few management level so that manager can communicate well with their staffs. Commitment of employees is high thanks to suitable specialization and evaluation system. Performance of employees is also high because they are engaged in suitable task. Hai Van encourage high skill employees to has long term commitment with the company. 2. 4 Influence individual behavior at work in Hai Van Vicem Hai Van aim to give clear responsibility, authority to each function in the company and attempt to ensure well coordination between different departments. This policy is to ensure that there are no conflict and misunderstanding between departments. Another policy is building and having training for a loyal, active leader team to make a permanent management. Employees who want to develop their career in Hai Van receive more benefit so that their will try to perform well. Employees in Hai Van also engaged with task that suitable for their ability and skills so that there are tend to show their full ability at work. To enhance employees commitment, Hai Van build up a evaluation system to control and assess performance of each position. Employees act more responsibly to get their task done because the report from this system can affect to their benefit. 2. 5 Organizational theory and business approach of Hai Van In Vicem Haivan, the company tends to set up clear system of function, mission and responsibility of each unit. Vicem Hai Van has a policy to train and develop a main manager team who are active and enthusiasted. Arrange and dividing task in a proper way to ensure that employees are match with what they do best and encourage creativity of them. Then Tarmac benefits from the savings and quality enhancement. In general, Vicem Hai Van also applied classical administration. The company has build up a strict structure. The policy of the two company has many similar point like conducting specialization, holding a clear chain of command, centralize decision making and appreciate responsibility and commitment of employees. However, because of different size of business, there are some different characteristics. Classical administration in Tarmac is more complicated than Vicem one. Hierarchy in Tarmac is tall and clear with a number of management level while there are not many level in Hai Van because of the size of business. As in Vicem Hai Van, employees just simply need to fulfill their responsibility and their work are under control of evaluation system. On the other hand, in Tarmac, employees need to bring their expertise, enthusiasm and commitment to the activities they do. Moreover, employees performance must support to Tarmac goal. About management, to go to the higher hierarchy, there are no special policy in Vicem Hai Van. The company just tend to train an loyal manager team with high skill and give little encouragement for attempt to develop of employees. However, in Tarmac, graduate trainee would learn though shadowing a selection leader during their training period so that he or she can aquire right skill and suitable tendency for the next higher position. 2. 6 Leadership style of Hai Van In Vicem Hai Van, all procedure is closed. Employees do their task under instruction of managers and monitoring of supervisor. The most clear leadership style approach here is autocratic . Decisions are made among manager with few or no feedback from employees. The leadership style fit with the company role culture that employees need to fulfill their task base on the goals of the company. It is easy to consider autocratic applied has its benefit to make a clear chain of order through level of management and employees. Moreover, in autocratic style, manager can make decision quickly and it is useful if the decision is urgent. However, this leadership style have difficulty in encouraging contribution from employees to improve decision making. III. ANALYSIS AND COMPARATION BETWEEN TARMAC AND HAI VAN 3,1 Comparison about structure, culture and business performance of Tarmac and Hai Van Tarmac is a big company which conduct business in some different geographic location. Tall structure is necessary for the company to control such a complicated business. To create advantage of competition and expand business quickly, structure by SBUs allow Tarmac to build new business quickly but stably thanks to available resource. Furthermore, tall structure and centralization ensure that each SBU act responsibly to achieve the company’s goal. Tarmac have two choice of culture: task and role. Role culture may suitable with tall structure and also support specialization in multidivisional structure. However, Role culture can not support Tarmac’s long term aim to develop high performance team. Moreover, Role culture affect to the flexibility while the company want to develop a culture of quality and continuous improvement. Tarmac choose task culture as a most suitable culture for it in motivating people to achieve the company goal. On the other hand, Hai Van is a local company which is a unit of Vietnam industry cement corporation. As a member of Vicem corporation, Hai Van tend to exploit local resource and just build up new brand in several nearby area. Therefore, Hai Van need a structure that help them setting up a stable and strong business, but not complicated one. Flat functional structure is a good choice for them. While flat structure is suitable with small business which need simple management to reduce cost, functional structure will support the company in training, recruitment and allocating available resource. Tarmac has to spend a lot for management cost, but their structure is good for management training and regeneration of management levels. People in Tarmac can learn through shadowing a lead and acquired right skills and experience to go to the next position. Different from Tarmac, Structure of Hai Van is much cheaper to organized but contain some issues. If deputy manager have too much authority, they may make some decisions which are wrong or not suit with the company objective. Also, if they have little authority, the director may be overworked. 3. Comparison about business approach and leadership style of Tarmac and Hai Van A tall structure like Tarmac take it easy to apply classical music and Tarmac also applied this approach. However, to achieve the exceptional of its vision, Tarmac have to continuously improve their product service to meet their customer’s need. Tarmac must choose a new approach for it to adapt with change of business environment. With application of tas k culture and multidivisional structure, the company has opportunity to apply total quality management. Employees involvement is improved by multidivisional structure. This structure also create a good environment of coordinating to achieve a specific goal. Tarmac also make a change in their leader ship style to improve total performance. Tarmac will take advantage of improvement of performance of productivity and responsibility to achieve their DREAM. In Hai Van company, it does not conduct business in a high competitive environment as Tarmac does. Therefore, Hai Van just apply continuous improvement culture. The company tend to improve performance by applying new technology, management training and evaluating system. This strategy can take advantage in short term but may has some problem in long term. REFERENCE 1. Alangutterman (2008) center for management of emerging companies : Advantage of multidivisional structure [online] , 2008 [cited October 15th 2011] http://alangutterman. typepad. com/emergingcompanies/2008/03/advantages-of-m. html 2. Alangutterman (2008) center for management of emerging companies : Disadvantage of multidivisional structure [online] , 2008 [cited October 15th 2011] http://alangutterman. typepad. com/emergingcompanies/2008/03/disadvantages-o. tml 3. Thetimes100 (2010) Tarmac case study|Introduction [online], UK 2010 [cited October 15th 2011] http://www. thetimes100. co. uk/case-study–how-roles-and-functions-contribute-to-competitive-advantage–109-326-1. php 4. Thetimes100 (2010) Tarmac case study|Organizational roles and funtions [online], UK 2010 [cited October 15th 2011] http://www. thetimes100. co. uk/case-study–organisational-roles-and-functio ns–109-326-2. php 5. Haivan (2011) General introduction [online], Vietnam 2011 [cited October 25th 2011]http://www. aivancement. vn/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=1%3Aco-cau-to-chuccatid=6%3Agi%3Fi-thi%3Fuam p;amp;Itemid=18lang=en 6. Haivan (2011) Organization [online], Vietnam 2011 [cited October 25th 2011]http://www. haivancement. vn/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=1%3Aco-cau-to-chuccatid=6%3Agi%3Fi-thi%3FuItemid=18lang=en 7. Haivan(2007) Cong ty xi mang Hai Van [online], Vietnam 2007[cited Novenber 1st 2011] http://tailieu. vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-ty-xi-mang-hai-van. 28563. html APPENDICES Appendix 1 – Tarmac structure TARMAC GROUP Procurement Marketing IT Finance Human resource Tarmac building products Tarmac international Tarmac limited Operation Operation Operation Operation Commercial Commercial Commercial Technical Technical Technical Safe, Health environment Safe, Health environment Safe, Health environment Recycling Recycling Recycling Estates and Geology Estates and Geology Estates and Geology Engineering department Products operation and operations management Appendix – Hai Van structure Table of Contents I. TARMAC COMPANY1 1. 1 Tarmac’s structure1 1. 2 Tarmac’s culture2 1. 3 Relationship between structure and culture of Tarmac and their effects on business performance3 1. 4 Influence individual behavior at work in Tarmac4 1. 5 Organizational theory and business approach of Tarmac5 1. 6 Leadership style of Tarmac6 II. VICEM HAI VAN COMPANY7 2. 1 Hai Van’s structure7 2. 2 Hai Van’s culture7 2. 3 Relationship between structure and culture of Hai Van and their effects on business performance8 2. 4 Influence individual behavior at work in Hai Van8 How to cite Organizational Behavior Essay, Essay examples

TOK Science and History Essay Example

TOK: Science and History Essay One aim of the physical sciences has been to give an exact picture of the material of the world. One achievement in physics in the 20th century has been to prove that this aim is unattainable -Jacob Bronowski Natural Sciences often seem to many as completely straightforward, however this is simply not the case. To explain this, we can remind ourselves of the Scientific Method, the way of expanding our knowledge; all the scientific method does is to find a testable theory that passes the test. However the theory can have some errors in it that even if they produce positive results mean nothing. A greatly simplified way of explaining this is Liquid metal makes water evaporate. Firstly many would use heated up metal for this, only the ones using a liquid metal at room temperature such as mercury would be able to disprove of this obviously erroneous theory. As the test different metals they would claim that their theory passes all the tests positively. This makes one wonder about actual theories that are being tested. Some tested theories need external knowledge, such as the fact that heat (over a 100C) makes water evaporate, but what about the theories that enter areas without any previous knowledge? A less exaggerated and real examples are the many physical theories that only work on earth, once we leave the earth to go in places unattainable by humans, science as a way of knowing becomes much more complex. [This is one reasons why mathematicians dislike the scientific method]. We will write a custom essay sample on TOK: Science and History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on TOK: Science and History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on TOK: Science and History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sometimes, scientists also build up untestable theories also built up on other untestable ones that end up making improbable assumptions such as Quantum Logic, that has managed to show us how little our understanding of the universe is; linking to the claim that science has proven that giving an exact picture of the universe is impossible. Defining science is another word having subjective definitions. Questions such as: Is Homeopathy scientific are answered in different ways by many scientists, who in turn refuse to call the opposing camp scientists. Some unwanted pseudo scientists such as astrologist sometimes want to fit in as defining what they come up with as science, rejecting the unfavourable association with the term pseudo science. But some sciences blur the line separating these two sciences even more; pills producing placebo effect. Antidepressant pills do show positive results but what is it that makes them work? Their composition which would then place them into the area of science/biochemistry or in their placebo abilities which would make them enter into the social sciences areas/psychology. This makes us wonder on whether or not some sciences are Natural Sciences, placing some will be extremely obvious while some others will reveal to be more tricky to place than expected. Natural Sciences also reveal themselves particularly useless in areas such as art, literature and various other abstract subjects. Natural Sciences fail at explaining the need for religion in many societies at an evolutionary level. One may also wonder about the ethics they manage to teach us, since they show a great number of genetic engineering. They are also a bad way of telling us about politics, human history But most importantly and ironically they are not a good way of giving us the knowledge they wish to give us, as explained earlier on the topic on the scientific method. Meaning and Value of History History is a broad and imprecise subject. We all try to understand History in the best ways that we can, getting closer and closer to the truth. But getting the exact truth is extremely rare. Why study it then? History being an imprecise subject does have a reason to be studied. The study is often done so that whatever it teaches, can be used to interpret the world today. It is imprecise to a point, but it ends up being useful beyond doubt, as the global idea is always there. However this global idea is often what people who were influencing History wanted us to think. An easy example would be, that if we did not know details about Stalins Russia, and based ourselves online on Russian sources, we might have thought that it was one of the best countries at the time (This question has to be answered with an if, because we cannot know that we dont know, we can only know that something is there but unknown to us. ). Then how can something that has shown to be imprecise be used to interpret the world today? Well we can safely assume that we know enough of the past to relate to the present. A good example is that the tensions between Russia and America can analysed through the help of the study of the past. One way to look at the meaning and value of History is to consider the world without History. No one would know about the ancestry of Kings or Queens of their country; not a life changing event. But what about Sports or Newspapers? Without History, comparing an events or performance could only be done on a little scale, as no records are taken and ultimately the news would be quite boring, as some subjects such as economic crisiss would become difficult to analyse or handle because the experience we gain from the past would be absent in these cases. We can then place the value of History quite high on an importance scale. One common view on History is that people view it as different/another country. At first sight, just looking at the past does seem unfamiliar and leave one with a satisfaction of living in his period of time(Some people do prefer the past, but exceptions are bound to exist. ). This is to some extent a misconception, because as we analyse the past more and more, there tends to be patterns, linked to another event in the past. Wars are a very good example. So what does all this mean? That however different therefore useless we find History, it actually ends up being relevant and useful in a lot of cases were one might not have expected it to be.

How to Prepare for the ACT Ultimate 10-Step Guide

How to Prepare for the ACT Ultimate 10-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you need to take the ACT, but you don’t anything about it. What now? How do you go about preparing for the test? If you’re not sure how to prepare for the ACT, we can help! In this guide, we outline a ten-step process to preparing for the ACT. Then, we’ll discuss the pros and cons of some of the major methods that students use to prepare. We’ll close out with a brief roundup of helpful ACT prep resources that you might find helpful. How to Prepare for the ACT: 10 Key Steps This section lays out the ten main things you’ll need to accomplish to be prepared for the test- from registration all the way to test day! This description is primarily targeted for those who are self-studying, but a good tutor or program will guide your prep in this same overall sequence. #1: Register for the ACT If you haven’t registered for the test yet, you can take care of test registration at the ACT website. Registering for the test will include creating an account on the ACT website if you haven’t done so already. When you select a location, try to pick a location that’s not too far away, since you’ll have to drive there the morning of the test! When you pick a date, make sure you give yourself enough time to prepare. I would advise picking a date at least three months in advance if you’re totally unfamiliar with the test to give yourself adequate breathing room for studying. That said, don’t panic if you have to work on a compressed timeline because of application deadlines! In that case, you’ll need to spend more time preparing every week for a shorter number of weeks. If you need more help with registration, check out our guide to registering for the ACT. Make sure you have enough of this! #2: Become Familiar With ACT Structure and Format The next step after registration is to get familiar with the overarching structure and format of the ACT. The ACT is out of 36 points. It consists of four multiple-choice sections- English, Math, Reading, and Science, each scored out of 36 points. The rounded average of these four section scores becomes your composite score. There’s also an optional Writing essay test, scored out of 12 points. Writing is not factored into your composite score. Here’s a chart with the order, number of questions, time, and question format for each test. Order Section Number of Questions Time Question Format 1 English 75 45 minutes Multiple choice, 4 choices 2 Math 60 60 minutes Multiple choice, 5 choices 3 Reading 40 35 minutes Multiple choice, 4 choices 4 Science 40 35 minutes Multiple choice, 4 choices 5 Writing (optional) 1 40 minutes Essay prompt Total: 216 2 hours 55 mins (without writing); 3 hours 35 minutes (with writing) #3: Get Oriented With the ACT's Content and Question Styles The different sections of the ACT each test different knowledge and skill areas. Hence, how to prepare for ACT English will be different from how to prepare for ACT Math, and so on. Additionally, the ACT has its own particular question styles and formats that you’ll want to become familiar with before test day. Otherwise, you could be thrown by some questions even if you know the content! See our guides for more information on what’s tested on each of the ACT’s sections, and how that content is tested. What’s Actually Tested on the ACT English Section? What’s Actually Tested on the ACT Math Section? What’s Actually Tested on the ACT Reading Section? What’s Actually Tested on the ACT Science Section? The Complete Guide to Enhanced ACT Writing Expect to see some of this! #4: Identify Your Weaknesses After you have an overall idea of what and how the ACT tests, you’ll want to establish a baseline of your own skills. The most important component of this is identifying your weaknesses, so you can target them in your prep. The most reliable way to establish a baseline is to take a complete, timed ACT practice test. Fortunately, ACT. Inc, has released six free and official practice tests- one online and five in PDF form. Take advantage of this! When you take your initial practice test, be sure to find a quiet testing environment. Additionally, bringnumber 2 pencils and an approved calculator! You want to create conditions as close to the real test as possible. Note that the ACT doesn’t allow additional scratch paper because they expect you to write in the test booklet. If you’re signed up to take the Writing section, you should also take a practice writing section when you establish your baseline. If you aren’t sure whether you need to take the ACT with Writing or not, see our complete guide to deciding on ACT Writing. Once you’ve taken the practice test, use the scoring guidelines provided in the back of the test booklet by ACT, Inc. to figure out your score. This will tell you what sections you’re weakest in, what you’re strongest in, and where your overall starting place is. Your highest-scoring sections are clearly your best, and your lowest-scoring sections are the worst. However, it’s best to get more detailed than that. Examine your incorrect answers to identify patterns. Did you flub all the questions on the scientific method on the Science test, or completely miss all the â€Å"big picture† questions on the Reading test? You’ll know that you need to work on those things. The ACT also gives you subscores in particular areas on 3 of the 4 tests, which you can calculate with their guidelines in the back of the test booklet. The English subscores are in Usage/Mechanics and Rhetorical Skills. The Math subscores are in Pre-Algebra/Elementary, Intermediate Algebra/Coordinate Geometry, and Plane Geometry/Trigonometry-based problems. The Reading subscores are in Social Studies/Natural Sciences and Arts/Literature. Science has no subscores. These subscores will help you figure out what content domains you are strongest and weakest in within a section. So if you got a high score on English Usage/Mechanics subscore but a low score on Rhetorical Skills, you’ll know to focus more on Rhetorical Skills to improve your score. #5: Set a Target Score After you’ve gotten a sense of your initial skill baseline, set a target score for how much you want to improve. Your target score should be something you can realistically accomplish in the time frame you have. 1-2-point improvement from your baseline in a month is totally reasonable. A 6-point improvement in that time frame? Not so much. Keep in mind that you’ll have to put in more time for more point improvement. See our rough estimates for how long it takes to get certain point improvements: 0-1 ACT Composite Point Improvement: 10 hours 1-2 ACT Point Improvement: 20 hours 2-4 ACT Point Improvement: 40 hours 4-6 ACT Point Improvement: 80 hours 6-9 ACT Point Improvement: 150 hours+ In addition to something you can realistically accomplish, you goal score should also reflect the schools you are interested in. If possible, you want your ACT score to be within the middle 50% range of the schools you want to attend. The middle 50% describes the score range of the 25th-75th percentiles of admits to a particular institution. For example, if a school’s middle 50% is 30-34, that means 25% of admits scored below 30, 50% scored between 30 and 34, and the top 25% scored above 34. See our guide to what makes a good ACT score here for more guidance on setting target scores that take your chosen schools into account. Get ready to hit your target. #6: Create a Study Schedule The next step is to create a consistent study schedule. It’s best to spend a consistent number of hours every week preparing until you take the test to avoid needing to cram close to the test date. So to determine how many hours you should prep each week, divide the total number of prep hours you think you need by the number of weeks until the test. Thus, if you need to study 80 hours and there are 12 weeks until the test, you should try to study around 6 hours and 40 minutes every week. Its also best if you determine consistent days and times that you are going to study every week. So maybe you’ll study an hour every day except Sunday, when you’ll study for 40 minutes. Or maybe you’ll study 3 hours and 20 minutes on Friday and Sunday afternoons. This helps you keep consistent. You should also make sure somebody else knows your study schedule and is willing to hold you accountable! You can get more advice on making an ACT study schedule here. You can also check out our 10-day ACT cram guide if you’re on a constrained schedule! #7: Learn Essential Test Content Once you have a goal and schedule, it’s time to learn content! â€Å"Content† refers to the knowledge you need to answer ACT questions. So that will include learning grammar and mechanics for English, brushing up on functions for Math, reviewing how to write a hypothesis for Science, and so on and so forth. You’ll need to learn any material tested that you don’t know yet. But you should also review what you already know.It’s fine to devote the bulk of your time to prepping for Math if that’s your weakest area. But you should still spend a little time preparing for the ACT English section even if it’s your best subject to prevent backsliding. Only you can best determine how to learn and review content most effectively for your own learning style. However, we have some methods and resources you may want to consider in sections below. You might want to take neater notes than this. #8: Practice Test Strategies Knowledge isn’t enough to succeed on the ACT- you also need to learn the most effective strategies to approach the test. â€Å"Strategy† refers to things like learning how to eliminate wrong answers, guess when you need to, manage your time, and additional section-specific tips. With expert guidance on the best strategies, you’ll be able to come up with your own personal best approach to all parts of the test. Here are some of our ACT strategy guides: Overall ACT Strategy How to Ace the ACT: 6 Top Tips for Success The 21 ACT Tips You Should Be Using Today SAT/ACT Exam Time Management The Secret to Getting a Perfect SAT/ACT Score ACT English Top 9 ACT English Strategies You Must Use The 8 Most Common Mistakes You Make on ACT English The Best Way to Approach ACT English Passages How to Get 36 on ACT English: 9 Strategies from a Perfect Scorer ACT Math The Secret to ACT Math: Mastering the Time Crunch How to Guess Strategically on ACT Math Plugging in Numbers: a Critical SAT/ACT Math Strategy Plugging in Answers: a Critical SAT/ACT Math Strategy ACT Reading How to Answer ACT Reading Questions: 5-Step Guide Top 10 ACT Reading Tips The #1, Critical, Fundamental Strategy of ACT Reading How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACT Reading ACT Science The ACT Science Strategies You Must Be Using The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them Time Management and Section Strategy on ACT Science The Best Strategies for Reading ACT Science Questions ACT Writing ACT Writing Rubric: Full Analysis and Essay Strategies ACT Writing Tips: 15 Strategies to Raise Your Essay Score Why You Shouldn’t Copy Skeleton Templates for the SAT/ACT Essay Strategy: first you'll turn on the lightbulb, then turn the gears, then put together the puzzle... #9: Use Practice Questions and Tests If I could only write one step in â€Å"how to prepare for the ACT,† it would be â€Å"practice!† Of course, you want to practice smart. There are two key parts to practicing for the ACT: practice questions and practice tests. You can use practice questions to target the skills you need to hone for the test. You should practice the specific question types, topics, and/or entire sections that you need more work on. Be sure to really work through questions you get wrong to understand your errors so you can correct them in the future. The second part of ACT practice is completing at least a couple of complete test practice runs. When you do a complete test practice run, use an official practice test and test yourself under the same conditions that you’ll be in on test day. You may even want to try starting at the same time your test will really start for at least one of your practice runs to really get the full experience. Be sure to include breaks and a snack! #10: Be Ready for ACT Day! To give yourself the best chance to succeed on test day, be sure to engage in all your best test-taking practices! So get lots of sleep the night before, have a balanced, protein-packed breakfast, and pack your bag with pencils and an approved calculator! Catch all your zzz's the night before the test. 4 Methods of Preparing for the ACT and How to Pick the Right One for You We provide pros and cons to the most commonly used methods to preparing for the ACT here. Self-Preparation Many students prep for the ACT primarily on their own, using prep books, online resources, mobile apps, and so on. Pros You can easily tailor your studying program to your own needs, because you have control over what and when you study. Of course, you need to have a good idea of exactly what you need to work on for this to be a real advantage. This is the cheapest option out there. It can even be free if you use free resources and get prep materials from the library. Cons It can be hard to stay motivated. It’s helpful to have someone else holding you accountable, so tell a parent or trusted friend when you plan to study so they can check in with you. It can be a lot of work to design and implement your own study plan! You need to figure out your own weaknesses, track down resources, look up answer explanations, and so on. You have to be willing to put some extra investment into planning and implementation with this prep method. It may be hard for you to self-diagnose your own weaknesses, especially if you have a lot of improvement to make. Even if you know that you’re, say, very weak on math, you may not know exactly where to begin or how to attack the situation. Sometimes guidance is necessary! Online Test-Prep Program The online program is a relatively new innovation in test prep. But is it legit? Can it really help you succeed? Pros The truth is that a high-quality online prep program can be a great asset to your test prep. How will you know if it’s high-quality? It will accurately diagnose your strengths and weaknesses and assign lessons and practice problems based on those strengths and weaknesses. It will help you create a study plan and track your progress. It will have high-quality, clear content review and practice questions. A good prep program will even teach you the best ACT strategies! Here at PrepScholar, we have a comprehensive online ACT prep program that is customized to your needs. In general, online programs are much more affordable than hiring a private tutor or taking a prep course. Cons Not all online prep programs are created equally! The wrong online prep program is a massive waste of time and money. A big mistake students make is assuming that an online program is good just because it comes from a big-name test-prep company. Make sure you know what you’re really getting for your money before you commit to a program. A good online prep program won't make you do this. ACT Prep Course Twenty students in a high-school classroom after hours, listening to an ACT prep teacher drone on about trigonometry. Is this a good prep method or bad one? Pros If you have trouble motivating yourself to study, the schedule of the class forces you to stay on track with the pace the class sets. Cons There’s very little personalization to your needs and pace. For the most part, you’ll need to proceed with the class, whether you know the material being covered like the back of your hand or you’re completely lost. So a class can both waste your time and not give you enough help all at the same time! The quality of the teacher also makes a huge difference in the quality of a prep course, and you don’t usually have any control over whether your teacher is good or not when you sign up for the class. A teacher who is invested in everyone’s experience and tries to adjust curriculum to meet class needs can help you improve your score. A bad teacher may just stand in front of the class reading out essay prompts for two hours. Test prep courses are expensive! It can be more expensive than hiring a private tutor for a limited number of hours, which may frankly be more worth your money. Hire a Private Tutor Having your very own tutor for the ACT sounds like test-prep dream, right? Well, here are the pros and cons. Pros A good tutor is truly invaluable. They’ll help you make a study plan, identify your weaknesses, explain concepts you’re shaky on, and help you come up with an ACT strategy that works best for you. From a high-quality tutoring professional, tutoring both provides you with an expert to guide you and takes the guesswork out of creating a study plan. Additionally, a tutor can help keep you motivated and support you throughout the prep process. Cons A sub-par tutor is a serious waste of time and money. If they aren’t a high-scorer (think 95th percentile at the very least) who’s also a great teacher, it’s just the blind leading the blind. You want a true professional who knows the test inside and out, and is a great teacher. Try to get recommendations from friends or references from past clients if possible. Private tutoring is expensive! This option just isn’t available to everyone. You wouldn't know by looking at him, but Mr. Whiskers comes highly recommended. Key Resources for Preparing for the ACT There are a variety of high-quality resources out there that you might want to use for your ACT prep. Here’s a roundup of some of the best ones. ACT Practice Tests and Questions Practice tests and questions are the single most important resource for preparing for the ACT. You want as much practice that’s really like the ACT as you can possibly get! The absolute best source of practice tests is the six free ACT tests from ACT, Inc. They make the test, so their practice tests are the most like the real deal! You can also check out additional official and unofficial resources at our guide to all the practice question sources out there for the ACT. Remember that official content is always best! ACT Prep Books A good prep book can help you out with lots of aspects of test prep- strategy, content review, even some practice! See our list of the best ACT prep books to help you decide on which ones might work for you. Applications and Tools for Prep There are also a variety of online tools and mobile applications for learning and practicing ACT material. Check out our guide to the best ACT prep games to check out some good ones! Online Guides to Content and Strategy You can also find a lot of information on ACT strategy and content for free online. Check out other articles on our SAT/ACT prep blog for comprehensive guides and advice on every ACT-related topic you can imagine! If I had a fancy desk like this, I would study all the time. Key Takeaways: How to Prepare for the ACT Here’s how to prepare for the ACT in ten overarching steps: Register for the ACT, if you haven’t yet. Become familiar with ACT structure and format Get Oriented ACT content and question styles Identify your weaknesses Set a target score Create a study plan Learn essential test content Practice test strategies Practice questions and tests Do you best on test day! There are a variety of methods you could use for preparing for the ACT, including self-prep, an online program, a prep class, or a private tutor. Each method has some pros and cons (although some, like prep classes, have a lot more cons). Regardless of your study method, there are tons of resources out there for students to use, like practice tests, prep books, apps and tools, and online guides like ours! What's Next? Wondering if the ACT is hard? Check out 9 key factors for assessing the ACT's difficulty. Do you even need to take the ACT? See 9 reasons why it could be important for you to take the test. Applying to college? See the average ACT scores for colleges, and check out how to figure out the minimum ACT score for college admission. Also see a list of great colleges with automatic admission for certain ACT/SAT scores. If you're too young to worry about the ACT, see our guide to the PreACT test. Or see what makes a good 9th grade ACT Aspire score and what makes a good 10th grade ACT Aspire score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

How to Make a Smoke Bomb Fountain Firework

How to Make a Smoke Bomb Fountain Firework Kick the traditional smoke bomb recipe up a notch to make a firework fountain that shoots purple flames with lots of smoke. This is a fun and easy homemade firework project. Plus, its economical. You can get a long-lasting display for quite a lot less money than it would cost to purchase a fountain firework. Smoke Bomb Fountain Materials SugarPotassium nitrate (sold as saltpeter or stump remover)Toilet paper tubeAluminum foil Construct the Smoke Bomb Fountain This is the traditional homemade smoke bomb, except instead of making small cookie-sized smoke bombs, you pour the smoke bomb mixture into a toilet paper tube. You wrap the outside of the tube with foil so that the smoke and fire will escape out the top of the tube. Finally, you take the fountain outside and light the edge of the toilet paper tube. Wrap the bottom and sides of an empty toilet paper tube with aluminum foil. The purpose of the foil is to direct the fountain upward.In a skillet, mix together 1/2 cup of sugar with 1/2 cup of potassium nitrate.Stir the mixture over medium heat.Continue cooking the smoke bomb fountain mixture until it is brown and well-mixed.Remove the mixture from heat and pour or spoon it into the foil-wrapped tube. Allow the tube to cool so you can handle it.Take the fountain firework outdoors and place it on a fire-safe surface, away from trees or buildings.Light the toilet paper tube on fire with a long-handled lighter or match. Move away from the fountain.After the firework is done, douse the area with water to make sure the fire is out. Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Gender and Sexual Violence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and Sexual Violence - Term Paper Example The issue has also been common in some Asian and African countries especially those, which are Islamic, dominated. They argue that violence against these people has an adverse psychological effect and can lead to one committing suicide. Introduction With the recent efforts to fight against inequalities, gender and sexual violence is a topic, which has drawn scholarly interest in the recent past. In fact, Ussher believes that the exposure of sex into rigors secular stare and scrutiny of the sexual body has drawn both scientific and legal intervention (380). So violence against gender may take different directions, it seems to be more inclined to the female gender. Paludi Michelle, in her publication, Feminism and Women's Rights Worldwide, defines gender violence as any act that will suggest in any way the convention, elimination, and discrimination one gender and that result to any form of physical, sexual, or psychological harm of the same. Actions that deem gender violence are rape, dowry violence, genital mutilation and other tradition practices that do not favor or are harmful to women. Women can also be intimidated at work or in educational institutions (Paludi 12). Women trafficking and forced prostitution are other forms of gender violence. Sexual violence on the other hand is the subjective experience a targeted person undergoes which is against his will. Sexual violence may take forms of rape, forced prostitution, or state-sanction violence against women. This sexual harassment based on gender has hindered or compromised the ability of women to rise to higher levels in the society or authority. Hate violence against LGBTQ people Hate and sexual violence against the lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender rose by more than thirteen per cent in the year 2010 alone. The report released by national coalition of anti-violence indicated that violence against persons tend to be more vicious as compared to other forms of bias-motivated crimes. These groups o f minorities have records of mistreatment in the various regions of the world having violated of their rights through murder, kidnapping, assaulted, or made to undergo other forms of psychological torture (Nelson 169). Despite the reported cases, many of them go unreported because the victims do not actually trust the police or are afraid of reprisal because they fear their identity as having sexual behavior. However, public information campaigns should be introduced in the public oriented zones to counter the homophobia. Law enforcement by officials should also take its course and all people be exposed to equal and fair treatment inconsiderate of their sexual basis. Hate-motivated violence’s against the minorities with queer sexual behaviors have been a common phenomenon in the current society. These persons (the lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender, and queer commonly known as LGBTQ) have been undergoing verbal attacks, sexual assailment, and discriminations in the work p laces. The intimate partners are being beaten and tortured, all because of hatred against this group (Ungar 41). The recent report by the Harvard school of public health affirmed that those with sexual abnormalities are two or more times likely to undergo abuse and their rights violated. The public also exhibited high probability of attacking and violating

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Health care marketing - Essay Example Usually, new businesses that are establishing are more seriously concerned about customers’ satisfaction and actually tend to modify their services to enhance the customers’ experiences, but old companies generally take these surveys just for research and development purposes. It is absolutely true that when an organization responds to the crisis immediately, it manages to set a positive impression on the stakeholders and the public before the bad publicity can have a chance. In every situation of crisis, people want to know what the organization has to say about why the crisis happened and what measures is it taking to reduce its negative implications on the environment and on the society at large. Crisis management and control is essentially an art. It takes right things to be said at the right times to convince the stakeholders that the organization is loyal to them. It is more useful for an organization to say the right things at any time than saying wrong things immediately after crisis, like placing blame on others rather than taking

Environment Primary Factor That Influences Plant Growth Development Biology Essay

Environment Primary Factor That Influences Plant Growth Development Biology Essay Although there is no doubt that the world population grows up in more gradual way every year, demanding more food than any other time before, Environment is the primary factor that influences the plant growth and development and has also the greatest effect on the crop distribution on the earth. In this ten page report, the most important environmental factors that affect the crop growth and development namely light, water, temperature and carbon dioxide are covered, emphasizing their influences on crop productivity. Moreover light as the most environmental factor importance on crop production and productivity, all light quality, quantity and duration effect directly on crop yields, also in most cases plant reactions and processes are greatly influences by the temperature, plants key process affected by temperature is photosynthesis followed by germination, transpiration, respiration and flowering. However, crop temperature requirements in a specific physical, chemical or biochemical process varies from one spice to another resulting difference among crops in their geographical distribution. On the other hand, water and humidity play an important role for the crop productivity since most plants need 90% water content to grow effective and efficiency way until some crops like rice demand flooding the area to grow properly. In addition to the plant water needs, plants are number one consumers of carbon dioxide on the earth so as to synthesize food and energy. Each of these factors were discussed in this report emphasizing and giving more detailed look on their effect on crop productivity. Light Why solar energy is important to a successful plant growth, development and improvements to its yields? On the planet life is mostly solar-powered, sun is the only natural source of light energy, all the living organisms depend on the amount of light energy (solar radiation produced by the sun) harvested by green plants at any level of ecosystem, only few types of bacteria can derive the energy they require from sulfur and other inorganic chemical compounds or substances. Photosynthesis which is the process that the plants manufacture their food molecules from carbon dioxide and water by using the sun light, therefore the rate of duration of photosynthetic activities directly effects the amount of dry matter produced by the plant, and energy harvested as crop yields to transfer energy from primary producers to the other components of the ecosystem which are the consumers, so the ultimate source of food in the globe is the green plant, because plants have the ability to harvest and ut ilize the sun light manufacturing a usable food after three main consecutive processes during plants photosynthetic activities. Photosynthesis The management of that resources available to the production, that the crop requires to grow and develop and show its potential genetic characteristics as much as possible is a major factor that contribute the dramatic rise of the crop production, only organisms/plants that contain a certain pigment called chlorophyll which is the most abundant enzyme/protein on the earth are capable to utilize solar energy directly. It is therefore; light is an important factor to produce energy by the plants and the energy produced will be supplied to the different levels of the ecosystem. The light influence on the plant development and productivity can be discussed into three main categories. Quality of light The intensity of light and its concentration are what decide the quality of light; light densities differ from one season to another, countries that have three or four seasons, the largest amount of light is found in the summer season, where the least amounts are available in the winter, as the case is in many European countries, but areas like Malaysia the amount of light available throughout the year is almost the same, so the light intensity varieties depend on the geographical area, for example in Sub-Saharan Africa where the climate is desert, clouds and other sun light barriers are not found in the atmosphere, the sunlight density is very high. Not straying from the main point, the more light radiation that a plant harvests, the greater and the ore ability to manufacture food through photosynthetic processes even though this relationship will depend on the pathway group that a certain plan flows. From this interactions, the scientists specially those botanists, ecologists and physiologists realized the direct relationship the amount of light available to the plant and the crop productivity, that is why the greenhouse managers to fix artificial light sources to supply light their fields to create longer photoperiod in the greenhouse targeting more improvements to the final output, even though this strategy will negatively affect the cost of every unit produced under this system. However, they can easily manipulate the amount of light of the planned growth patterns to their plants. Quality of light Are there different light qualities? Light colors, which can be divided into bands of red, yellow, blue, orange, violet and indigo. The red and blue color lights that the plant can absorb have the biggest influence on crop growth, the blue light is primarily responsible to the leaf vegetative growth and the combination of red and blue lights encourage the flowering process. The solar rays produced by the sun, or what is normally known as wavelength of the light constitute the light quality, wavelengths that the sun sends to the earth ranges 250 7000 nanometers, these solar rays reaching the earth are divided into eight parts, only the visible radiation is called light, and the other which are Cosmic rays, Gamma rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet, Infrared, Microwaves and Radio waves are invisible. The visible solar rays or light is the small proportion of the range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation occurring somewhere between 400 and 735 nanometers. In other words the visible light is between Ultraviolet which are shorter waves than 390 nanometers and Infrared which are longer waves than 700 nanometers. Only 47% of the light produces by the sun is gained by the earth (P. Bannister 1978), where the other 53% part of it is absorbed by the atmosphere while other part is reflected by some barriers and finally gained by the space. Only 2% of that 47% o f the light that reaches the ground is used in the photosynthetic processes and about 10% is used different processes that occur in the plant. Duration of light Photoperiod or the duration of light is referred to how long of time the plant exposes to light, the flowering of many plant species is controlled by the photo duration, as a result that, the plant physiology experts tend to name and classify plants into short-day and long-day plants relating to under which condition do these crops flower. In contrast, the duration of uninterrupted darkness which presents a critical situation to the crop development and flowering process is the factor that show the importance of light duration not only the plants but also on farm animals specially poultry production therefore shorter darkness periods are encouraged. The amount of carbon dioxide fixed and assimilated by a specific plant is determined by the light density, because several situations can be seen when the plant is grown the area where the light intensity is not constant this is much explained in the plants light response curve, which shows light compensation point, plant light response area and plants light saturated period where any further increases of the light available to the plant will not result an increase in the amount of the carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere, meaning photosynthetic activities will peak t that point and all the enzymes involved to this process are active. From this concept, the ecologists realized some remarkable differences among the two main pant pathway groups C3 plants, C4plants. Because the carbon dioxide concentration is not the same in these pathways as soon as there are variations in amounts of light available (lower, neutral and higher) the different light amounts are available to the cro p, the growth, development and productivity are highly effected by the light factor. In addition to that, C4 plants showed higher net rate of photosynthesis as a result of light intensity increases than C3 plants. Even though at a very low light intensities C3 plants are more affective and efficiency than C4 plants because of their low compensation points, crops like corn and sorghum full sunlight for photosynthesis while tobacco can tolerate only partial sunlight. Water Water is the most component in the living cell, plants contain nearly 90% of water content , this high percentage enables us to understand the remarkable role of water on the crop growth and development, large quantities of agricultural output all over the world is heavily depend on different types of irrigation, over 1500 million hectares of agricultural land are irrigated every year, the continuously rise of the global temperature is seem to be the highest impact on the irrigated agriculture when considering water (hydrological) cycle. Water in a primary component in plant photosynthesis, the plant respiration, responsible to balance the pressure (turgor) in the plant cell, turgor is required to form the cell shape, tissue firmness and fullness, and ensure cell development. Also water is the place and the solvent where carbohydrates and minerals are transported from the soil and/or leaves to the other parts of the plant. Water treats as a cooling system to regulate the plant temperature specially on the leaf surface through a process called transpiration, water controls the stomata opening and closure, water provides a kind of power to encourage roots to penetrate the soil more in depth and this will enlarge the space that the crop can absorb the nutrients needed for growth and development. One more crucial role is that the water is the medium where biological reactions take place, also water is a component in the organic reactions, and it is used in the cell growth. Amount of water available in the plant compared the atmosphere water content (atmosphere humidity) is the limiting factor of crop photosynthesis, the ratio of the amount of water vapor available in the air to the volume of water that the air can keep at specific temperature and pressure is called relative humidity. Water vapor is the whenever a water molecule leaves from the surface of the ground, it is said to have  evaporated. Each individual water molecule which transitions between a more associated (liquid) and a less associated (vapor/gas) state does so through the absorption or release of kinetic energy. On the other hand, In the hot climate, wind and dry air conditions while there is a moisture stress or what scientifically called water deficit caused by the low water content, in this situation the stomata aperture is dramatically reduced and the photosynthetic reactions are weakened because the activeness and the effectiveness of the enzymes have a direct proportional relationship to the amount of water found from the s urrounding environment and inside the plant tissue and indirectly proportional to the temperature specially the extreme one. Temperature As said in the beginning temperature is important factor to the plant growth, development and yield, since it affects approximately most of the plant processes including germination, photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and flowering. As the degree of temperature increases this will result an increase to the plant respiration and photosynthesis. Generally in temperate species, the increase in temperature about 10oC (18oF) will cause to the rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation approximately to double. Furthermore usually plants in the tropical areas require higher temperature degrees to perform successful photosynthetic processes to the possible maximum level that the plants in the temperate areas can generate. Usually, plants differ their temperature requirements for example radish, spinach and lettuce which are cold weather (season) crops germinate at 55oF 65oF best, where crops like petunia, lobelia and tomato which are hot climate crops germinate at about 65oF 75oF best. According to the level of the temperature, plant processes can speed up or slow down the period that each activity completes. For instance, the 18 months that the oil palm plants need to live in the nursery can be reduced to about 10 months when provided higher temperatures from artificial sources. Flowering however, experts in horticulture sometimes relate the length of the day to the temperature to manipulate flowering. For example the combination of short days with low temperature degrees helps cold-season plants to the set the flowers as the case in Christmas cactus, when the temperature levels are in their highest points and the days are in their longest hours the summer (cold-season) crops will bolt as in the case in spinach. In contrast, when the temperature is extremely cold, plants like tomato which is warm climate crops will set their fruits in unsuccessful manner. Temperature influence on biochemical plant processes Biochemical reactions of the plant are directly affected by the temperature through one or two principle functions, an exponentially dynamic increase to the rates of proceeding activities. And sometimes as the climate gets hotter more exponential delay will be experienced resulted by enzymes lost their naturalness. The most important and involved factor is the weather, it is not impossible to rise the quality of enzyme stability so as to avoid losses in their naturalness. The everyday changes on the temperature is called thermo-period the best crop growth occurs when the difference between the day and night temperatures is about 10 to 15o C. under this situation plant build up their food and break down the energy, higher temperatures than that required by the crops cause some crops to photo-respire and the amount of food manufactured by the photosynthesis will equalize the energy used to at that time and carbon dioxide CO2 assimilated will be zero meaning that the crop is in the state of light compensation point. Therefore food molecules synthesized from the photosynthetic activities must overweight the energy that the plant consumes otherwise the plant will grow poorly resulting drops in the ultimate yields. Higher temperatures and their long-term influences on the crop The chronic effects meet the crop growth and development when the temperature is getting higher every day the crop stress will become more serious because of the extreme hot weather. However C4 plants showed a higher net rate of photosynthesis than C3 plants when temperature levels at the surface of leaves were increased. In 1993 Kropff and his colloquies, found that 9% decrease of rice productivity were recorded for every 1o C increase of the temperature, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coordinating with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), their second evaluation report in December 1995 forecasted that the temperature of the planet will rise about 2 5oC during 21st century and the sea level will grow up about 30 t0 100 cm more, and this higher sea levels can submerge many agricultural areas in the world, these weather conditions will negatively affect the food production in the globe. Carbon dioxide When crops are manufacturing their food through photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is the most component factor importance in that process, plants obtain CO2 from the air through the pore spaces on the surface of the leaf when open, CO2 flow in the plant tissue depends on the carbon dioxide concentration inside the plant and the plants surrounding atmosphere, the carbon dioxide molecules (substances) move inside the plant when the concentration inside is less density than its concentration outside and this is a physical process called diffusion. The carbon dioxide flow in the plant is controlled by the stomata then the pore spaces on the leaf surface are open, and the aperture of the stomata its turn depends on the amount of water available in the guard cells. Overview of carbon dioxide influence on plant growth and development Plants are divided into two main categories according to their response and their first stable product after the fixation of carbon dioxide. The first category is those species whose first stable products after the fixation of carbon dioxide is three carbon molecules and the plants under this group are called C3 plants or C3 pathway. The second group is the species that their first stable products after the fixation of carbon dioxide are four carbon molecules and plants in this group are called C4 plants or C4 pathway, also there are CAM plants, these plants have different character, because the plant here operate fixing carbon dioxide in dark, plants depend on the amount of carbon dioxide accumulated in the leaf in the night. The photosynthetic rates of the plant directly relate to the growing amounts of carbon dioxide until it reaches approximately 700 ÃŽ ¼ mol/mol or higher according to the plant type and other factors. Furthermore photosynthesis always develops with the rise of temperature to optimum levels and after specific maximum level the photosynthesis in C3 plants show decline, as a result of photorespiration process which takes place in the plant. As some scenarios of the world climate change mentions, a global worming is forecasted and that will increase the amount of carbon dioxide available in the atmosphere as well as other gases in the green house. Mean while the amount of rain in many places of the world may also experience changes, generally scientists believe that certain plant species will indicate yield increase especially in C3 plants (C3 pathway includes many important crops like wheat, rice, oats, soybean, pea, peanuts, sunflower and tomato) because of the CO2 increase. However, benefits of increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are limited, because stomata close and photosynthesis stops at CO2 concentrations higher than 0.15%. On the other hand, C4 plants which include coin, sorghum, sugarcane and millet and many other crops are more efficient in higher bright-nesses and higher temperatures than C3 plants even though the reverse is true when light intensity is very low. Soybean responses different amounts of CO2 As IPCC and FAO reported in their second assessment in December 1995, the amount of production harvested from soybean fields was generally increasing by the elevated CO2 levels Allen et al. (1987). The following table shows the percentage increases of soybean yield predicted across selected carbon dioxide concentration ranges associated with relevant benchmark points in time, adapted from Allen et al. (1987). Period of time (years) [CO2] midday Biomass photosynthesis Seed yield Initial Final (Nmd/mol) (% increase over initial [CO2]) IA 17001 200 270 38 33 1700 1973 270 330 19 16 1973 20732 330 660 50 41 1 IA, the ice age is about 13 000 to 30 000 years before present. The atmospheric CO2 concentration that prevailed during the last Ice Age, and from the end of the glacial melt until pre-pioneer/pre-industrial revolution times, were 200 and 270 ÃŽ ¼ mol/mol respectively. 2 The first world energy crises occurred in 1973 when the CO2 concentration was 330 ÃŽ ¼ mol/mol. This CO2 concentration is used as the basis for many CO2 doubling studies. The CO2 concentration is expected to double sometime within the 21st century. Conclusion Crop production and productivity entails the management of production resources, since the world population increases demanding more food and fiber the need of utilizing the sunlight energy, water, temperature and carbon dioxide is important since plants are the ultimate source of energy for all lives on the earth. We humans and other animals cannot utilize the solar energy, only organisms that contain chlorophyll are able, but we are capable to give more attention to the factors that affect photosynthesis. The management, conservation and protection of water, land and atmosphere are the most challenging issues to realize higher and stable crop yields. In the future, the main that the researchers discuss will be to identify and select plant species that have the ability to perform more photosynthesis and carbon dioxide assimilation for higher dry matter production. Also when more is understood from influences of the present climate changes on plant production and productivity, much money, time and effort should be invested to introduce cultivars that can adapt the environment biologically and systems to contribute the management of crop production to create more stable, sustainable and productive agricultural models.

Health Psychology Essay

Health psychology concerns itself with understanding behavior, biology and social context and their influences on illness and health. Health psychologists work with professionals in clinical areas and also conduct research as well as teach in universities. Health psychology aims at changing the health behavior of individuals to help them maintain optimum health and assist patients in adhering to treatment regimens. Adherence to medical regimens and shorter hospitalizations are indicators of effective health services. Health psychologists use cognitive behavior therapy and analysis of applied behavior to achieve this. Discussion The duty list is composed of activities that are aimed at improving the access of services to patients and also to improve the overall healthcare of patients. In assignment of duties to the various health professionals some health psychologists will receive more than one duty on the list. This is because of some of the duties which are closely related making it more reasonable for these duties to be carried out by one person. The list however has very many activities which if work load is considered makes it necessary to have a fifth job title. The fifth job title would be a communication skills counselor. The duties will then be allocated as follows, the substance abuse counselor will be responsible for coordinating the use of recovery programs and structured programs for substance. He/she will be working in conjunction with the social worker. The rationale behind this assignment is that the substance abuse counsellor is the person most appropriate for dealing with substance abusers in assisting them to get rehabilitated. The nature of substance abuse is such that it has social and psychological components to it so the collaboration between the substance abuse counsellor and the social worker is necessary. The patient load in substance abuse programs is high because of the intensive nature of behavioural change programs that are used, hence the substance abuse counsellor will only have this duty assigned to them. The inpatient-only psychologist will be assigned to the duty of providing treatment for chronic pain. The psychologist will be performing this duty only. This will be because of the large number of patients who have chronic pain. Managing these patients adequately means that the psychologist may not have enough time to attend to other duties. The child psychologist has two duties assigned to them. These are providing psychological preparation methods for children prior to medical procedures and collaboration with local schools. These are two duties which are closely related. By being involved with local schools the psychologist will already be familiar to the children making it easier for them to get children to cooperate when in the hospital. The adult psychologist will have the duty of providing psychological preparation methods for the adults prior to medical procedures and surgery. The workload for this psychologist is expected to be high since most of the patients are adults, hence the adult psychologist will only have this duty. The fifth job is that of communications counsellor, who will be carrying out duties of utilizing various methods to facilitate adjustment and coping skills amongst the patients. This psychologist will also have the role of diagnosing stress disorders and providing aid in stress relief interventions. The rationale behind this assignment is that the two duties are also closely related. The effect of poor adjustment to a condition and inability is often stress (Broome, Llewelyn and Llewelyn, 1994). Sometimes the relationship is vice versa, with high stress levels causing poor adjustment to one’s condition (Lyons and Chamberlain, 2006 ). The substance abuse counsellor will contribute to improved patient healthcare by provision of services geared towards behavior change that will enable the patient to be completely rehabilitated. The HBM (Health Behaviour Model) proposes that behavior change occurs when an individual perceives that the benefits of behavior change outweigh the costs or barriers that are associated with the behavior. (Friedman and Silver, ). The substance abuse counsellor will use such a model to predict the possibility of behavior change for the substance abuser. The usefulness of the HBM has been seen in its predictive value of whether individuals will adopt behavior such as safe-sex practices, breast self-examination and exercise (Friedman and Silver, ). The substance abuse counsellor will use cognitive behavioral therapy to educate substance abusers about the need to steer clear of drugs. Those with alcohol and other drug addiction problems will be helped to identify problems and behaviors that are related to their substance abuse. This will often be done in a group setting and occasionally on an individual basis (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008). Group settings are used mainly because many people feel encouraged by the fact that they are not alone in the addiction problem. Other activities that the substance counsellor will be involved in include assisting family members to cope with the addictions of their spouses, children or siblings. Since health psychology places emphasis on prevention of illness,the substance counsellor will have the responsibility of initiating, planning and conducting programs which are aimed at the prevention of addictions. This will help in the achievement of overall better health since it is often easier to prevent a condition rather than to cure it. The rehabilitation process for drug addicts has been known to be a difficult with many of them falling off the wagon. Thus a lot of time and patience is required, making prevention the better option. The emphasis on prevention is aimed at reducing the number of patients who will need to use substance abuse programs and also at reducing the rate of relapse. This contributes to decreased stay at the hospital. The child psychologist has a role of helping children to respond to the physician in a positive and cooperative manner at the time when a procedure is being done. This will involves the use of methods that allay the fears and anxieties of the child, such as providing distractions. The counsellor will also explain to a child who is old enough to understand the nature of the procedure they will undergo and what to expect in language that they can understand. The child counsellor will also have the responsibility of identifying cases of child abuse and other problems in the family that may hinder proper child development (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006). In addition, it is the role of the child psychologist to educate the parent(s) or the guardian of the child on the developmental milestones of the child and to encourage parents to bring their children to hospital if any of these milestones are missed. At the local school, the child psychologist will continue to observe children for any behavioral, social and personal problems. This will contribute to improvement in child health as it will result in early detection of problems and therefore early management and possibly shorter stays in hospital. The adult psychologist will be preparing adults psychologically for medication by telling the adult patient what to expect. Before surgery, the adult psychologist will visit the adult patient and discover what fears they may have. The adult psychologist can allay this by explaining the changes that the patient may expect following surgery or after a medical procedure. The adult psychologist can also communicate the patient’s worries and fears to the physician, surgeon and other health professionals directly involved in patient care. This will ensure that the medical professionals allay these fears and are conscious of them as they take care of the patient. This contributes to better healthcare because a less anxious patient is more cooperative and the patient is more likely to have greater adherence to their medication regimen. Management of chronic pain is a role which will include activities like administration of the McGill Pain Questionnaire to patients. This tool assists in description and measurement of pain (Marks, Murray, Evans et al, 2005). It provides a set of words describing pain from which the patient can choose from. These will assist the doctor to determine the intensity and depth of the pain that the patient feels. The McGill Pain Questionnaire makes diagnosis of pain easier and depending on the type diagnosed the appropriate medication can be prescribed, reducing the patient’s hospital stay. Another activity that the inpatient only psychologist will be involved in is confirming that a patient is safely using patient administered analgesia. This information can be elicited through conversations with the patient which will reveal their use of the analgesics that they have. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)and biofeedback are other techniques of treating pain amongst inpatients. CBT involves the use of distraction and relaxation techniques (Scott and Briere, 2006). The use of CBT where the patient is advised to note pain relieving and pain aggravating factors also help in the management of pain. These are useful in managing pain and when the inpatient psychologist has taught these successfully to the patient then it becomes easier for the patient to handle the pain and stick to their medication. The overall effect of these is a shortened hospital stay. The communications counsellor will have a role in educating physicians on the importance of maintaining patient-centered consultations. These consultations as opposed to doctor-centered consultations make the patient to feel as though they are part of the treatment process. The doctor- centered consultation is perhaps preferred by the elderly but is disliked by most people due to the sense of ignorance that it seems to inspire. A patient-centered consultation focusses on the needs of the patients and allows the doctor to listen to the patient, involve the patient and finally make a diagnosis and choose treatment. Health psychologists believe that treatment that is arrived at like this has a higher chance of being adhered to (Marks et al, 2005). The communications counsellor will therefore make this known to the medical professionals to enhance adherence to medication regimens. This is important as often the way a patient is handled by the medical professionals influences their adjustment to a condition they have especially when the condition is chronic. Adherence to medication is an indication that the patient is well adjusted and is coping well. Most patients who have suffered traumatic conditions or who have chronic conditions are predisposed to management of stress disorders. Development of a stress disorder in addition to their chronic condition makes their health even worse and increases their period of stay in hospital. The communications psychologist will identify these patients and plan for and implement interventions that will help to relieve their stress. Some of these interventions include CBT, which can be done individually or in a group. The communications psychologist may also introduce biofeedback. Biofeedback involves the measurement of the functions of a subject such as heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and muscle tension as well as sweat gland activity (Scott and Briere, 2006 ). Often when a patient stress levels are increased these parameters tend to increase. When measured and an increase is found, the patient’s awareness is raised and the patient then can consciously begin to control the unconscious physiological activities. Adherence to this practice can help patients avoid thoughts and feelings which increase their stress. The communication psychologist will also encourage the patients to verbalize their feelings of anxiety and stress and what they think are the sources of the stress. She/he will then explore with them the things that they can engage in to help take away their stress. These include physical activities, board games, conversations with other patients. Some stress issues may be related to the family especially where a mother is sick. She may worry about the care of her household and children. To assist this mother, the communications psychologist may need to help the mother work out a plan for care of her household with other family members. Once the stressors have been identified and done away with the patient is more likely to heal faster and be more committed to their treatment regime. The role of the communications psychologist is very important in detecting patients who may go into depression as a result of stress associated with their conditions. Conclusion Some of the jobs of the health psychologists may seem to overlap. These include the jobs of the inpatient psychologist and the communications psychologist since both seem to be dealing with chronically ill patients. They also seem to have a similar objective in that they want to ensure that the patient adheres to their treatment regimen. There are similarities between both jobs, but the focus of the inpatient psychologist is the patient who requires pain management. Overlap is reduced by the fact that should the patient develop stress as a result of poor pain management then they can be referred to the communication psychologist. The communication psychologist will then go on to identify the stressor and put in place appropriate interventions. The overlap is not an entirely bad thing as it will result in some of the workload being shared among the psychologists since there is likelihood of patients being more in one psychologist’s speciality. The health psychologists described above will all be working towards improving the care of their patients. Most of the interventions that they will put in place will lead to either decreased hospital stay or greater adherence to medication. This effectively results in improved health among the patients.